Risks of opioid use

About opioids

Opioids can be found in natural substances or created in a laboratory. They are called “psychoactive” substances because they act on the areas of the brain responsible for pain management. Opioids produce an analgesic effect and can trigger euphoria. An inappropriate use of opioids can have health risks.

Many people turn to opioids for their analgesic properties. Opioids have beneficial effects when used as prescribed by a doctor and under the guidance of a pharmacist. They can help relieve pain caused by various temporary or chronic health issues (e.g., cancer).

A few examples of prescription opioids:

  • Oxycodone
  • Morphine
  • Hydromorphone
  • Fentanyl
  • Codeine
  • Methadone

Other people use opioids for their euphoric effect. They often purchase opioids on the black market, which is risky. Some opioids found on the black market, such as heroin or morphine sulfate (MS ContinTM), come from clandestine laboratories, which do not ensure the quality of their products.

Methods of consumption

Opioids can be consumed:

  • Orally
  • By inhalation through the nose or mouth
  • By injection
  • Through the skin (transdermal patch)
  • Rectally

Health risks

Risks relating to prescribed opioids

Opioids, even when prescribed by a physician, can have health risks if they are used inappropriately. The main risks are dependence (addiction) and overdose.

Limit the risks

You can limit the risks related to using prescribed opioids by taking the following precautions:

  • Avoid mixing opioids with other depressants such as alcohol and benzodiazepines.
  • Always take the recommended dosage. If you are no longer able to take the recommended dosage, talk to your doctor about it. You can also talk about it anonymously and confidentially by contacting Drogue : Aide et Référence This hyperlink will open in a new window.:
  • Keep opioid medications in their original packaging to know what they are and the consumption guidelines.
  • Store opioids in a secure location, out of reach of children and adolescents.
  • Return any expired or unused opioid medications to the pharmacy to avoid improper use. To avoid harming the environment and human health, never throw medication down the toilet or sink.

Risks relating to black market opioids

The risks associated with black market opioids are high, because the exact composition of these substances is unknown. Regular or casual users therefore risk experiencing an accidental overdose, even without abusing the substance. An overdose occurs when the body can no longer tolerate the use of a toxic substance.

Some precautions can be taken to reduce the risk of overdose when using opioids or other kinds of proactive substances procured on the black market.

Keep on hand naloxone, an opioid overdose antidote, at all times

  • Know how to recognize the signs and symptoms of an overrdose and be sure that you always keep a naloxone kit on hand. Depending on the situation, more than one dose of naloxone may be needed. To get this antidote and learn how to use it, see the page Find a resource that can provide naloxone This hyperlink will open in a new window..

Know the drug and the effects it can have on you

  • Learn about the drug, the ways it is used and the effects it may have on you;
  • Consider how long these effects could last. To find out more, check out the page Recognizing drugs and their effects.

Find out about the Good Samaritan Law

  • Seek emergency intervention when you are the victim or a witness of an overdose, without fear of being charged with possession of a controlled substance or with an offence.

Avoid using opioids when you are alone

  • Use in the presence of others and, ideally, not all of you at the same time, or have a chaperone (a person who does not use) who is able to intervene in the event of an overdose;
  • Before using, let your loved ones or a social worker know;
  • Tell a friend, relative or neighbour if you feel drowsy or tired or are having a hard time speaking or dealing with the effects of the drug. Avoid isolating yourself;
  • Whenever possible, use in a supervised consumption site;
  • Keep a written record of the substance you use and the time of day. In the event of an overdose or other problems, this information could enable rescue workers to act more quickly and effectively.

Start off with small doses

  • Take a small amount of the drug and wait awhile before taking more;
  • Watch for any unusual reactions, and when in doubt, stop taking the drug;
  • Assess future doses based on the drug and its effects.

Have your drug tested

  • Drugs available on the black market may contain highly potent and potentially lethal substances. You can have the composition of your drug checked before taking it. Several resources are available to help you do this.

Avoid mixing drugs

  • Don’t underestimate the effects of mixing psychoactive substances (for example, alcohol and other drugs). Harmful or unpleasant effects may increase if you combine two or more substances.

Respect your prescribed opioid dosage

  • Only take the prescribed amount of opioids;
  • If you have any questions about expected or possible effects, consult a physician or pharmacist;
  • Keep your medications in a safe place out of the reach of children and young people.

Drug use and contamination with opioids

If you use drugs, take these precautions:

  • It is preferable to avoid mixing drugs.
  • Opioid use is especially risky if they are taken with other depressants such as alcohol, GHB or benzodiazepines. If you choose to use these substances, reduce your doses and wait until you feel the effects before using again.
  • Some drugs may be mixed or cut with opioids. When using drugs, such as amphetamines, cocaine or MDMA (ecstasy), it is important to stay vigilant even if you are not using opioids.
  • If you are using drugs at a festival, ask the festival organizers if there is a harm reduction tent. In these tents, staff will answer your questions and give you naloxone kits and possibly fentanyl test strips. Make sure you find out where this tent or a medical tent is and, in the event of an overdose, don’t hesitate to ask for help.

Opioid overdose

A person might be experiencing an opioid overdose if, after knowingly or unknowingly consuming the substance, they show the following signs and symptoms:

  • They do not react to sound.
  • They do not react to pain when you pinch them, for example, or stroke their skin at the sternum.
  • They have laboured or snore-like breathing, or they are not breathing.

If a person is experiencing an overdose, you must take action quickly.

Risk factors

Some people are more likely to overdose on opioids. This includes people who:

  • Have received recent medical care for opioid intoxication/overdose
  • Use heroin or non-medical opioids
  • Receive high doses of prescription opioids
  • Are on methadone treatment
  • Have experienced opioid addiction
  • Have been addicted to opioids and are leaving a period of mandatory abstinence (hospitalization, prison release, etc.) or a detoxification program
  • Consume opioids and are dealing with another serious medical condition
  • Consume opioids at the same time as other drugs, alcohol or benzodiazepines

Rescuing a person who is overdosing on opioids

An overdose is a medical emergency. If you suspect that someone is overdosing, you must act quickly. For information on how to proceed, see Rescuing a person from a possible opioid overdose.

Opioid dependence (addiction)

The more a person uses opioids, the more likely they are to become dependent on these substances. Regular use causes a person to develop a tolerance, and they may want to use often and increase their doses to feel the same effects as the first time. Long-term use can cause physical and psychological dependence.

Dependence treatment

Treatment for opioid dependence usually includes a combination of pharmacological treatment (buprenorphine or methadone) and psychosocial support.

Treatment of opioid dependence:

  • Prevents the onset of withdrawal symptoms
  • Decreases the persistent need to use
  • Reduces the effect of opioids, without producing euphoria

Finding a resource

For more information on opioids and for resources that provide access to treatment for opioid dependence, contact:

Last update: November 13, 2023

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